Category: Steel related

How To Heat Treatment For Steel

Steel can be heat treated to produce a wide range of microstructures and properties. Generally, heat treatment uses phase transformation to change the microstructure of solid state during heating and cooling.

What Is Heat Treatment Of Steel?

Explaination of heat treatment

In heat treatment, processing is usually heat treatment, which only changes the structure of steel. During the thermal mechanical treatment of steel, the shape and structure of steel components will also change. During the thermochemical process of steel, the surface chemistry and structure of steel will change.

hermomechanical treatment processes are also important treatment methods for steel heat treatment, and these methods are being considered in the field of heat treatment. The heat treatment process requires strict control of all factors affecting the heating and cooling of steel. The atmosphere of the heating furnace will also affect the state of the steel being heat treated.

Improvements of metal properties

Heat treatment is a kind of heat treatment process, which can realize three main improvements of metal casting material property:

1. Improve mechanical property
2. Reduce residual stress
3. Enhanced corrosion resistance

3 factors effect heating rate

The heating rate of parts depends on several factors. These factors are below.
(i) the thermal conductivity of the steel,
(ii) the state of the steel,
(iii) the size and cross-section of the steel.

Why We Need To Heat Treatment For Steel?

As mentioned above, heat treatment is used to achieve various desired results of metal castings. Heat treatment can also be designed to reduce hydrogen content, simulate service conditions, restore mechanical properties, and reduce stress after welding of the project. These different results are achieved by different heat treatment processes. The primary goal of heat treatment is to meet customer specifications and industry standards.

8 Methods To Be Safe During Heat Treatment

1. Workers must wear heat-resistant suits. Such as protective clothing, gloves, safety glasses and masks to prevent exposure to hot oil, which will burn the skin.
2. Before igniting the furnace, ensure that the air switch, exhaust fan, automatic shut-off valve and other safety precautions are in place.
3. Make sure there is enough coolant for operation. The coolant will absorb the heat released during metal cooling, but if the coolant is insufficient, the metal will not be able to cool at the best speed.
4. Ensure that the quenching area has sufficient ventilation to maintain the required oil mist level.
5. When igniting the furnace, follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer.
6. Do not stand directly in front of the fuel oil or gas stove when igniting it.
7. Before we begin to heat-treatment operation, Please ensure that the quenching oil is not contaminated by water. Contact of water with quenching oil may cause explosion.
8. Ensure that the quenching solution is mixed with appropriate bactericide or bacterial inhibitor.

Various Pipe Fittings, Depend On Your Needs

For all piping systems used in industrial and commercial applications, steel pipe fittings are usually required. Especially, pipe and tube fittings are the process of connecting two segments of pipes together. This can be done by using fittings, which are plumbing equipment that can be used to connect two pipes.The pipe fittings shall be connected or installed in proper position, and terminated or closed if possible.

Accessories come in different shapes and sizes. These may be expensive, time-consuming, and require different resources to build equipment. Change the pipe capacity, such as reducers, sloped tees. Connect various components (such as couplings) and interrupt flow (such as caps). In the plumbing system, welded pipe fittings connect many pipes of the same or different diameters, regulate or measure the flow, and connect multiple pipes of the same or different sizes.

Types Of Steel Pipe Fittings

All different types of steel pipes and tubes or ferrules require their own fitting styles, but all pipe fittings use the most common features. Where pipe supply is provided, there are carbon steel pipe components. Fittings are generally used for various specific applications in hydraulic and piping operations. Now Let us read about various pipe fittings below.

The coupling

It is a pipe cover used to avoid leakage. The coupling is located in a cracked or damaged pipe. The diameter of the connecting hole should be close to. The two types of couplings used in pipelines are conventional couplings and sliding couplings. Use rubber seals or gaskets on both sides, usually placed between two pipes to avoid any leakage. The sliding coupling also requires two pipes to repair the damaged long steel pipes.

Forged and welded flanges

Flanges are used to connect steel pipes by covering the pipe ends with metal plates welded on both sides of each flange opening. This establishes a safe connection between the two pipes, so they will not separate from each other even if they are hit or pushed hard during installation, or when other items are installed on the road in the future.

Elbow of pipes

These pipe accessories are used to change the flow direction. Although they have a strong demand for pipelines, they mainly have two conventional forms, namely, 90 degrees and 45 degrees. Elbow reducers usually change when the relevant pipe diameter is specific. Elbow fittings can be made of various materials, most of which are internal threads.

Unions

In terms of function, this type of pipe fitting is almost a pipe joint to a pipe joint, but only one difference is that when the pipe joint cannot be connected, the pipe joint can be easily removed. In order to avoid galvanic corrosion between them, many dielectric connectors are used to connect pipes made of different materials. These fittings are composed of nuts, internal threads and external threads.

Pipe Fittings Applications

Steek pipe fittings are used in a variety of applications, from simple domestic pipes to industrial pipes. They can be made of many different materials, including plastic, metal and rubber. When you want to connect two pipes or tubes to provide a fluid path for products or waste, fittings will be installed. The type of fitting selected depends on the type of material connected and the pressure to be applied on the connection.

What is the main working concept of the float valve?

The float is constantly on the water, as well as when the water climbs, the float additionally climbs. When the water degree decreases, the float likewise drops, and also the attaching rod drives the piston pad to open.

The float valve readjusts the liquid supply by regulating the liquid level. The flooded evaporator requires the liquid degree to preserve a certain height, and a drifting ball expansion valve is typically ideal. The functioning concept of the drifting sphere shutoff is to manage the opening or closing of a valve by relying upon the reducing and raising of the floating sphere in the floating sphere chamber by the activity of the fluid level. Fire Fighting Floating Valve The float chamber is placed on one side of the swamped evaporator, and the top and also lower equilibrium pipelines are linked to the evaporator, so the liquid level of both coincides. When the fluid level in the evaporator drops, the liquid degree in the drifting sphere chamber likewise goes down, so the floating sphere drops, as well as the opening of the shutoff is enhanced by bar action to increase the fluid supply. vice versa.

Our new structure float valve likewise makes use of the very same working concept to manage the water level, yet we have made and also enhanced the product structure to make our product quantity smaller, welcome to get in touch with.

Valve manufacturer if you encounter a valve leak what to do

In the process of construction of the valve Z common is the leakage, if we encounter the valve dew water situation we should do? China’s valve manufacturing industry after decades of development, has made great progress, the current number of Chinese valve companies in the world’s leading, valve production levels have also improved, valve production has increased significantly.

Flange Ball Valve Manufacturer

1. can choose anti-drip valve to install, this valve is a practical new type of valve, if it is involved in this drip valve, due to the valve body using soft seal, for the new soft seal gate valve design to have a certain degree of rationality, manufacturing is also relatively simple, easy to use, tap water or drinking water, can be used, so as to avoid the problems associated with theft of dripping water to appear.

2. to install leaky equipment is common, can be for some old community, its valve will have some problems, you can set up limit expansion joint to deal with, Z for the common tool is the activity wrench, in the joint sealing place if there is a leaky problem, generally to use the gland screw to tighten the processing, if the leaky end with a wrench for tight gland processing, can play a corresponding If a wrench is used to tighten the gland at the leaky end, it can play a corresponding role. Then observe the corresponding leakage problem, generally will not leak again.

How to test the tensile capacity and type requirements of spiral steel pipe

Spiral steel pipe raw materials arrive at the factory after the first test is the steel plate tensile test, tensile test is superficially speaking, the raw material is pulled to the big stress accepted when about to break, the steel plate yielded to a certain extent, because the internal grain arrangement from scratch, its resistance to deformation and progress from scratch, at this moment deformation despite the rapid development of raw materials test equipment is all-purpose data test machine, but can only follow the stress The progress of the progress, until the stress reaches a large value.

2×4 steel tubing

Doing tensile test on the one hand to check the quality of raw materials, on the other hand, on their own production of spiral steel pipe also has to ensure that some raw material suppliers now spell price, resulting in a significant decline in quality, directly leading to the quality of spiral steel pipe is not guaranteed, and more affect the reputation of the company, so production manufacturers must be measured, try.

General small diameter steel pipe (refers to from 219-529) applies to the strip width between 300-550, the width of the large production bond not, and the appearance of spiral steel pipe is not beautiful, narrow width, spiral steel pipe forming difficulty, after the production of spiral steel pipe weld seam is simply no point of view, almost into a right angle, on the spiral steel pipe caliber between 529-1000 simply with 685 – 1100 plate width, on the spiral steel pipe caliber in more than 1500, must be used to roll plate.

Rust may be easily attributable to the iron in steel reacting with oxygen and water which is in a position

to lead to the thing deteriorating. With zinc coating, it is harder for these parts to trigger such a response. Galvanization is the process of applying a protecting zinc coating to steel or iron, to find a way to forestall rusting.

In this information, we’ll go over the whole repiping course of — from determining should you need it, to deciding on pipe supplies. Water damage that builds up over time can lead to some severe restore bills. And the small, undetected leaks that cause invisible water damage additionally waste hundreds, even 1000’s of gallons of water yearly, costing you much more on your utility bills. But, if you’re taking a look at a network-wide buildup of rust and corrosion, you’re finest long-term possibility might be to just have your plumbing community replaced with extra reliable, modern piping. Because of the expense and inconvenience of having your home’s pipes changed, you may be tempted to partially change out your pipes. However, due to the increase in lead contamination, in addition to the other problems this kind of plumbing may cause, an entire replacement is really helpful.

galvanized square steel pipe factories

Brass is probably the most frequently used fitting as a end result of it is impartial to both copper and steel. If the metals are incompatible, a chemical reaction happens which is attributable to the constructive and adverse costs of electrical energy in the metals. Copper will react with metal within the presence of water and can corrode the steel. The brass or bimetallic fitting acts as a standard floor between the two metals and can simply be soldered.

Plain finish,beveled,cut sq.,grooved,threaded and coupling,and so on. While you can anticipate chrome steel to final for decades whereas in use throughout your home, this funding can usually put you over finances. Galvanized steel, comparatively, is a cheaper investment than its stainless cousin. Hot dip galvanization is supplied with non-uniform coating, whereas the other one with uniform coating. Electroplating uses complicated chemical control methods which are merely not required with thermal spray the place the coatings may be applied on site.

If your pipes are nearing the high end of that vary, you could wish to look into replacing them quickly. At the least, you should start preserving a closer eye on them to forestall potential issues. Galvanized pipe is used in outdoor and indoor applications because of its anti rusting components. The zinc coating slows the process of corrosion and might make the pipe final for decades . This makes it perfect for marine purposes and for transporting cold and warm water alike.

Second, galvanized pipe is often applied for water carriage and black steel pipe for gas ship, you can inform the difference by the material they carry. If the pipe is put in after Fifties, it’s likely to be black metal. Steel pipes are dipped in a protective coating of zinc to create galvanized pipes. Galvanized pipes were generally utilized in plumbing of properties built earlier than 1960. Before the introduction of galvanized pipes, lead pipes have been used for water lines. These pipes weren’t suitable for plumbing as a end result of lead combines with the consuming water and affects its high quality.

During the galvanizing course of, we immerse the metal in a molten zinc bathtub, making certain a tricky, uniform barrier coating. This is useful for industries that handle risky substances corresponding to chemical substances and gases, as they will easily trigger injury to stable materials that do not have treated surfaces. This led to using metal, which is doubtless one of the strongest materials utilized in numerous industries across the world.

The Steel Pipes Factory, Metallica Group is established since 1975 and is understood for offering competitive costs, high-quality technical providers and on-time supply. We have greater than 15 advanced manufacturing lines and advanced testing gear for quality inspection and high quality assurance. The use of superior know-how, scientific administration model, and skilled technical personnel guarantee the excellent quality of each branch. Advanced production gear, scientific and standardized management, strict high quality assurance system and high-quality core staff are the core competitiveness of the corporate. One difference between galvanized metal pipe and some other alternate options facilities on the response to a damaged pipe.

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MSL India

The stainless steel seamless pipe is manufactured by punching a hole in a stainless-steel billet at a temperature of 2,200 °F. At this high temperature, the instrument steel is softened and spirally fashioned from the hole by punching and drawing. Leoscor Alloys is a prime selling supplier, exporter and stockist of DIN 17175 Grade ST35.8 Tubes, DIN 17175 ST35.8 Seamless Tubing, DIN 17175 Carbon Metal GRADE ST35.eight Seamless Medium Boiler Tube, Seamless Medium DIN 17175 Carbon Metal GR ST35.eight Superheater Tubes in Mumbai India. Carbon metal pipe manufactured by permantsteel comprises seamless steel pipe , erw steel pipe, lsaw steel pipe, ssaw metal pipe, casing pipe and drill pipe and so on. The thirteenth one of the current invention relates to a way for manufacturing a seamless metal pipe characterised in that a piercing machine is provided with a plug related to any one of many first to 3rd ones and the sixth to eighth ones of the current invention and a metal piece is punched and rolled with the aforesaid plug. We are one of the best provider and exporters of top of the range DIN 17175 ST35.eight Tubes, DIN 17175 ST35.eight Seamless Tubes, DIN 17175 ST35.8 Carbon Steel Tubes, DIN 17175 ST35.8 Boiler Tubes¸ DIN 17175 ST35.8 High Strain Tubing in India. Pipes, fittings and flanges can be found in all standard and particular – e.g. extraordinarily thick-walled – dimensions. Casing Pipes are produced according to the API Spec 5 CT, GOST 632 and GOST 633 requirements, with an outdoor diameter starting from 168 to 324 mm, and wall thickness from 7.32 to 14.2 mm.

cheap metal roofing sheet

Seamless pipes have extra predictable and precise shapes, in terms of roundness and ovality, in comparison with welded pipes. The ninth one of the current invention pertains to a mandrel bar to be used in rolling a seamless steel pipe wherein it’s installed at an elongating machine or a plug mill and the aforesaid ceramics related to the first to third ones of the present invention additional has a bending power of greater than 200 MPa at a temperature of 800 °C. On this article , we talk about how pipe complying with the former have to be seamless while pipe complying with the latter can either be seamless or welded. Additionally it is attainable to substitute a seamless pipe for a welded pipe. Since those humble beginnings, MST has turn into a worldwide manufacturing drive, providing boiler tube, mechanical tube, and carbon and alloy strain pipe for many industries. Welded steel pipe is a continuous process and depending on the size of the pipe, it may be made as fast as 1,one hundred ft (335.three m) per minute. Customary specification for nickel-molybdenum alloy rod. As a result of seamless pipes are capable of face up to excessive pressures, they are also extensively utilized in high-stress purposes including refineries, hydraulic cylinders, hydrocarbon industries, and in Oil and Gas infrastructure (Pearlite Steel, 2017). As per the movement chart, step one is: Our Quality Control Crew inspect the Stainless Steel Seamless Mother Hollows which can be used as our uncooked material. There are typically certain variations within the chemical composition of the seamed tube and the seamless tube. In the prior art, because the plug was product of steel, the plug was warmth handled at about 900 to 1000 °C as a countermeasure in opposition to a worn-out loss and a scale movie of several 10 to several one hundred µm was shaped. Irrespective of the strain that needs to be withstood, carbon A106 steel pipe can be much thinner than other sorts of pipes. Working from pipes or solid blanks, ALYNOX manufactures a full range of normal fittings and equipment (EN 10253 sort A&B, RCC-M M3301, M3317, M1149, M1151 and ASTM) for BW and SW, clamps (EN 1092, EN 1759, NF-E 29203) and extruded seamless manifolds.

Hebei Shengtian Group Seamless Steel Pipe Co., Ltd. Just Another BJB WordPress Websites Site

To be probably the most wanted, efficient, profitable and revered producer globally of precision seamless tubes and alloy steels. Serimax (subsea pipeline welding), Vallourec Umbilicals (tubes for umbilicals) and Vallourec Drilling Merchandise France (tubular products for drilling) in the oil and gasoline sector. We are engaged in offering SS 316L Seamless Pipe to the clients. Alloy pipes made to ASTM A-335 customary should be used if temperatures and stress levels exceed these allowed for ASTM A-106. As bicycle manufacturing gave way to auto manufacturing, seamless tubes were still wanted for gasoline and oil lines. Nonetheless seamless pipes prevent any risk of a weak seam.

spiral welded steel pipe

Here’s a chart to overview theoretical bursting pressures for numerous stainless-steel pipe. Subsequently, the difference between DSAW vs. LSAW is that DSAW pipes have a seam weld within the inside and outside of the pipe, whereas LSAW pipes have a single seam weld on the outer surface. In spite of the applying of other welding processes, the continuing development and further enchancment of the seamless strategies led to welded tube being almost completely pushed out of the market, with the end result that seamless tube and pipe dominated till the Second World Conflict. The tubes are then formed into pipes where the wall thickness and pipe diameter measurements are managed utilizing a series of rollers and an inner forging arm (see Fig. The seamless pipe is then completed to dimensional and wall thickness specifications to fulfill specific international standards. We are amongst the highest manufacturers and exporters for the Seamless Tubes , Warmth Exchanger Tubes , U tubes and Fin Tubes from India Accredited with ISO 9001 : 2015 and authorised with numerous worldwide and nationwide bodies like Engineers India Restricted( EIL ) , Indian Boiler Regulation ( IBR-WELL KNOWN TUBE AND PIPE MAKER ) ,Tasks and Growth India Limited ( PDIL ), Pemex , ADNOC and so on. Extra associated choices corresponding to steel pipe, steel tube, metal may very well be your selections too. Seamless steel pipes are pipes with round hole cross sections that don’t have seams. Spiral submerged-arc welded (SSAW) pipes are used for larger-diameter pipelines of 400 mm and above, but the pipe diameter depends on the angle of coil and thickness of the sheet used. Normal specification for nickel-chromium-iron alloys (UNS N06600, N06601, N06603, N06690, N06693, N06025, and N06045) and nickel-chromium-cobalt-molybdenum alloy (UNS N06617) plate, sheet, and strip. Pressure tubing are produced utilizing seamless manufacturing. Stainless steel seamless pipe is manufactured from a stable billet and machining the center and the surface of the billet, to kind a pipe to straightforward specs. These products usually conform to JIS G 3441 Alloy Steel Tubes for Machine Structure Functions, however we additionally manufacture such alloy steel pipe merchandise utilizing supplies that conform to JIS G 4053 Low-Alloyed Steels for Machine Structural Use, as well as to different standards and specs. We specialise in supplying Lline Pipe, OCTG, Boiler Metal Tube, Precision Metal Tube, Mechanical Steel Tube, Instrumentation Tube Fittings, Pipe Fittings, Flanges and so forth. Normal specification for nickel-alloy (UNS N06625, UNS N06219 and UNS N08825) welded pipe. Apart from Dalmine, the firms in the Techint group which function in the seamless pipe and tube sector are Siderca SAIC (Argentina) and Tubos de Acero de México SA (Mexico) (‘Tamsa’). ERW pipes are manufactured from the longitudinal welding of metal. 5, a pipe wall thickness at part of the mandrel bar of which outer appearance form is approximately parallel is lowered, in order that the parallel a part of its outer appearance of the mandrel bar of the present invention is known as as a piece part.

Tubing is generally small-diameter seamless pipes product of excessive-power materials like carbon metal, copper, stainless-steel, titanium, Hastelloy, Monel, and so on. The twelfth one of the current invention pertains to a mandrel bar for use in rolling a seamless steel pipe in which it’s installed at a reel machine and the aforesaid ceramics associated to the eleventh one of many current invention further has a bending strength of greater than 200 MPa at a temperature of 800 to 1200 °C. Our product range includes not only carbon steel pipe for machine constructions, alloy steel pipe, carbon steel material for machine buildings, and alloy metal materials for machine buildings that conform to JIS (Japanese Industrial Standards), but in addition a variety of high-energy steel pipe products made to our own high quality standards using a wide range of producing methods, including seamless pipe, electric resistance welded (ERW) pipe, and scorching finished ERW pipe. The welded seam is then handed through a excessive stress roller which helps create a good weld. The BUHLMANN GROUP additionally provides various extras equivalent to particular fittings based on drawings or pipes made from round steel. Also displaying superb bitter fuel resistance are the households of chromium steels and stainless steels with chrome contents above 13%, and the chrome – nickel steels which additionally show superb sour gasoline resistance. In addition, because the impact attained by ceramics is assumed to be caused by the fact that deformation on the surface of the plug and melt loss below a excessive temperature are scarcely discovered as compared with that of the scaled steel, it may even be relevant that only the surface layer besides the interior part of the plug, i.e. the portion processed with ceramics is made from ceramics. Seamless pipe is Strongest amongst all pipes kind because it has a Homogeneous structure throughout pipe length. Additionally, within the area of small-diameter ERW metal pipe, two JFE Steel Group companies -JFE Welded Pipe Manufacturing Co., Ltd. Hot rolled seamless (HRS) tube (also known as HFS or Scorching finished seamless) is a lower-value product than CDS tube and is a good materials for functions that don’t require the shut dimensional tolerances and quality of surface finish that CDS tube provides. Widely used within the manufacture of structural parts and mechanical components, such as the oil pipe, automobile transmission shaft, the bicycle frame and metal building with scaffold with steel pipe manufacturing round elements, can improve the utilization price of supplies, simplify the manufacturing course of, material saving and dealing hours, has been broadly used to manufacture metal tube. Within the Mandrel Mill Course of , a strong spherical steel billet is used. Specifically excluded from the scope of those opinions are boiler tubing and mechanical tubing, if such merchandise aren’t produced to ASTM A-53, ASTM A-106, ASTM A-333, ASTM A-334, ASTM A-335, ASTM A-589, ASTM A-795, and API 5L specifications and usually are not used in standard, line, or stress pipe applications. There are two kinds of metal pipe, one is seamless and one other has a single welded seam alongside its size. To achieve this demand, it’s necessary that the pipes have massive diameters and work under excessive inner pressures with a view to enhance the transportation effectivity, and keep away from the usage of very excessive wall thicknesses as a way to cut back its weight and to decrease the project cost.

A more minor software for large diameter seamless pipes is for use in strain piping systems by refineries, petrochemical vegetation, and chemical vegetation, in addition to in energy technology vegetation and in some oil area makes use of (on shore and off shore) reminiscent of for separator traces, gathering lines and metering runs. Seamless pipe is shaped by passing a solid billet with a mandrel by a metallic bar that’s at an elevated temperature. In view of the foregoing, with a view to verify this expectation, the present inventors utilized to a rolling experiment a plug of a piercing machine by which the extremity end section 10 and the work part 11 shown in Fig. Therefore, seamless pipes meeting the bodily description above, however not produced to the ASTM A-53, ASTM A-106, ASTM A-333, ASTM A-334, ASTM A-589, ASTM A-795, and API 5L specs shall be lined if used in a normal, line, or strain utility, apart from the particular exclusions mentioned beneath. Specification for forged or rolled UNS N06030, UNS N06022, UNS N06200, UNS N08020, UNS N08024, UNS N08026, UNS N08367, UNS N10276, UNS N10665, UNS N10675, and UNS R20033 alloy pipe flanges, forged fittings and valves and parts for corrosive excessive-temperature service. Seamless Stainless Metal Tubing is despatched with normal marking and appropriate packing as per customer’s requirements. We provide Hydraulic Honed Tube, Stainless Seamless Steel Honed Tube, Cold Drawn Precision Metal Tube, Aluminum Alloy Tubes, OST2 Seamless Carbon Metal Pipe, Laborious Chrome Shaft, Induction Harden Chrome Plated Rod, Stainless Steel Harden Chrome Rod, Bearing Metal Bar, Guide Rod, Slide Rail, Tie bar, Column Rod, etc. Whereas the two might be specified interchangeably, it would not make sense to specify for seamless when cheaper welded pipe works equally well. Customary specification for nickel-copper alloy rod, bar, and wire. These situations led to the achievement of three API 5L grades, displaying that the effective selection of heat remedies can give to the seamless metal pipe a set of characteristics that meet the API Customary, even contemplating a comparatively simple chemical composition and traditional heat therapies. As an native stocker seller and worldwide distributor, we own unique geographical benefit, to offer primarily totally different sorts of steel tubes, like metal pipe and fittings, and construction steel. All kinds of carbon metal seamless tube schedule eighty” metal pipe options can be found to you, such as 10#, a106(b,c), and a53(a,b). At that time, the plugs of the current invention have been used in any respect the aforesaid rolling machines. 5 Blooms are sometimes processed additional before they’re made into pipes. To facilitate tubing selection and usage, several tables have been offered that show the required wall thickness per inner stress. Accordingly, the present invention is constructed such that as uncooked material for the plug and the bar for a seamless steel pipe, ceramics is employed, resulting in that a lifetime of these members is substantially improved. Furthermore, the offered range of seamless pipe & tubes is suitably checked on various parameters to make sure that defect-free products are delivered at customers’ premises. We’re additionally one of the largest Stainless Steel pipes exporter from India, our manufacturing unit is located at Rajkot, Gujarat (India). Since the current first to second and fourth innovations are made on the basis of this technical idea, if they’re utilized to the manufacturing of the seamless metal pipe instead of the aforesaid current third and fifth innovations as required, they could provide the similar results to that of the current third and fifth inventions.